SUMMER 2024
SCHEDULE
Please Remember:
the MSO week runs from Sunday to SATURDAY each week.
Applications & Course Payment due || 5/20/24
After 5/20, add a $20 fee per course
Courses Begin || 5/26/24
Courses End || 8/17/24
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes, and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and their contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 144 | OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Jerome Douglas
A study of the historical settings, literary features, authorship, theological teachings, and general content of the Hebrew Bible. This survey provides a factual and practical groundwork for further studies in the Old Testament. Special emphasis will be given to the Pentateuch and the Poetical Books.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands-on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
FSO 211 | BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW & CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
Professor | Dr. Roger Erdvig (Guests: Alisa Childers & Dr. David Young)
A worldview is a pattern of ideas, beliefs, convictions, and habits we use to make sense of God and the world around us. Establishing a biblical worldview in you and your ministry with students is crucial to the success of ministry to the emerging generations. This course will help students develop in themselves and subsequently immerse their students in the process of developing a biblical worldview as they navigate the challenges of contemporary culture.
FSO 315 | FAMILY MINISTRY LEADERSHIP
Professor | Phil & Dr. Beth Baker (Guests: Rev. Carrie Brooks and Julie Pratt, M.A.)
This course focuses on growing healthy relationships with the senior pastor, ministry staff, congregation, and community, while balancing ministry with family and personal spiritual growth. Students will learn how to develop volunteer staff, create a culture of discipleship, and plan and implement age-appropriate services, outreaches, and special events. Attention will be given to practical methods of working with multiple family types in church and community settings and partnering with parents as they disciple their children.
GSO 211 | BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. John Easter
This course will examine the missio Dei as revealed in both the Old and New Testaments and the implications for the contemporary church. This course will employ a diachronic approach to Scripture, survey the progressive nature of revelation, and examine the concept of the missio Dei in relation to the historical development and cultural setting of God’s people. An emphasis on the course seeks to apply principles that emerge from a biblical missiology to the contemporary world context.
GSO 355 | COMPASSION MINISTRIES
Professor | Dr. Suzanne Hurst
This course will challenge your understanding of compassion ministries. From looking at the biblical mandate and how the local church must be at the center of compassion, to the practical applications of what poverty really is and how to minister to the poor in their context. We dive deep into best practices for empowerment, ownership, sustainability, planning, monitoring and evaluation.
KSO 333 | KIDMIN PRESENTATIONS
Professor | Dr. Beth Baker (Guest presenters: Kelly Presson, Jamie Walton, Robin Malcolm, Jessandra Blankenbiller)
KidMin Presentations is an overview of presentational methodology used to teach and inspire in the context of children’s ministry. Practical emphasis is placed on choosing, preparing, and presenting content and concepts to children of various ages. Includes strategies for designing, producing, and overseeing children’s productions.
PSO 123 | ROMANS AND PRISON EPISTLES
Professors | Dr. Dave Dippold & Dr. Ron Hall
An in-depth study of the Epistle to the Romans emphasizing its contribution to Christian theology and life. A study of the historical, geographical, and biographical matters of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, with special attention to their Christological content.
PSO 211 | THEOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY
Professor | Dr. James Bradford
This course provides a deeper knowledge of the Fundamental Truths of the Church and its doctrine. A study of Christian beliefs as expressed through evangelical and Pentecostal traditions, including a study of end-time events (Rapture, Biblical Prophesies, views of the Tribulation, Millennium, and Revelation) from a Pentecostal perspective; teaching on the second coming of Christ.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Eran Holt
A foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold (Guest presenters: Carrie Brooks, Joe Terreri, Jason Rising)
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
PSO 415 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP
Professor | Todd Marshall, MA
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity, and security, living a life of worship, leading corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece for Christian worship, Hebrew words of praise, and the importance of relational leadership.
PSO 422 | I & II CORINTHIANS
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
An inductive study of Paul's letters to the Corinthian church. Emphasis will be given to the treatment of church problems, struggles, and issues with application to the contemporary Church.
PSO 435 | PASTORAL MINISTRY, ADMINISTRATION, FINANCE, AND LAW
Professor | Dr. Bill Hennessy
This course is an overview of the pastor's character, qualifications, and call. Instruction is given in conducting common church ceremonies and pastoral ministry care, as well as the role of the pastor in financial and physical plant oversight in the local church. The student will explore their understanding of finances, resources, biblical management, and learn biblical ethics principles in church administration, finances, and activities.
YSO 223 | YOUTH EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
This course will examine the biblical foundations for evangelism and the presentation of the Christian Gospel message. The practical aspects of sharing faith with non-believers, seeker-sensitivity and handling objections will be discussed alongside aspects of program implementation. The nature of the course (practics) presupposes weekly involvement in a local youth ministry setting.
SPRING 2024
SCHEDULE
Please Remember:
MSO courses have shifted to a SUNDAY start and a SATURDAY end for each week.
Applications & Course Payment due || 1/22/24
After 1/22, add a $20 fee per course
Courses Begin || 1/28/24
Courses End || 4/20/24
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes, and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and their contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 144 | OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Jerome Douglas
A study of the historical settings, literary features, authorship, theological teachings, and general content of the Hebrew Bible. This survey provides a factual and practical groundwork for further studies in the Old Testament. Special emphasis will be given to the Pentateuch and the Poetical Books.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands-on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
FSO 211 | BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW & CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
Professor | Dr. Roger Erdvig (Guests: Alisa Childers & Dr. David Young)
A worldview is a pattern of ideas, beliefs, convictions, and habits we use to make sense of God and the world around us. Establishing a biblical worldview in you and your ministry with students is crucial to the success of ministry to the emerging generations. This course will help students develop in themselves and subsequently immerse their students in the process of developing a biblical worldview as they navigate the challenges of contemporary culture.
GSO 315 | GLOBAL MISSIONS STRATEGIES
Professor | Dr. Steve Pennington (Guests: Greg Beggs, Scott Hanson, Dr. John Easter)
An exploration of the strategic processes necessary to engage in the Great Commission including an overview of biblical examples, historical methodologies, the creation of a mission strategy, and the review of a current case study in mission strategy.
GSO 333 | CONTEXTUALIZING MINISTRY AND MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. Mark Hausfeld
This course is an in-depth study of the Missional Helix from a Pentecostal perspective to explore best practices in contextualizing missional strategies in various levels of ministry. Topics include The Missional Helix, holistic spiritual formation, missional formation, spiritual direction, training, and equipping disciples, and missiological contextualization.
GSO 355 | COMPASSION MINISTRIES
Professor | Dr. Suzanne Hurst
This course will challenge your understanding of compassion ministries. From looking at the biblical mandate and how the local church must be at the center of compassion, to the practical applications of what poverty really is and how to minister to the poor in their context. We dive deep into best practices for empowerment, ownership, sustainability, planning, monitoring and evaluation.
KSO 223 | KIDMIN EVANGELISM
This course focuses on the need and practical methodology for KidMin evangelism. Topics include: the history of child evangelism, traditional as well as current evangelism thrusts, age-appropriate evangelism techniques, how to lead a child to Christ, the art of the altar call, making the most of holidays, preparation of child evangelism materials, and how to organize and present evangelistic events for children.
KSO 344 | FOUNDATIONS OF KIDMIN
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course provides an overview of KidMin. Emphasis will be placed on developing children’s ministries and resources for the local church. A theology of KidMin, programming in KidMin, and other critical information will be presented.
PSO 123 | ROMANS AND PRISON EPISTLES
Professors | Dr. Dave Dippold & Dr. Ron Hall
An in-depth study of the Epistle to the Romans emphasizing its contribution to Christian theology and life. A study of the historical, geographical, and biographical matters of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, with special attention to their Christological content.
PSO 211 | THEOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY
Professor | Dr. James Bradford
This course provides a deeper knowledge of the Fundamental Truths of the Church and its doctrine. A study of Christian beliefs as expressed through evangelical and Pentecostal traditions, including a study of end-time events (Rapture, Biblical Prophesies, views of the Tribulation, Millennium, and Revelation) from a Pentecostal perspective; teaching on the second coming of Christ.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Eran Holt
A foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold (Guests presenters: Carrie Brooks, Joe Terreri, Jason Rising)
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
PSO 415 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP
Professor | Todd Marshall, MA
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity, and security, living a life of worship, leading corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece for Christian worship, Hebrew words of praise, and the importance of relational leadership.
PSO 422 | I & II CORINTHIANS
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
An inductive study of Paul's letters to the Corinthian church. Emphasis will be given to the treatment of church problems, struggles, and issues with application to the contemporary Church.
YSO 333 | MINISTER OF YOUTH
Professor | Eran Holt
A focus on the development of healthy youth pastors who will run well and finish strong the race marked out for them. The spiritual, physical, emotional, and professional health of the minister of youth is addressed and developed through the disciplines of journaling, personal accountability, and servanthood.
YSO 344 | FOUNDATIONS OF YOUTH MINISTRY
Professor | Dr. René Rochester
This course provides an overview of the foundational elements of effective youth ministry. It includes developing a Kingdom philosophy and vision of youth ministry. You will investigate specific elements that are building blocks for biblical youth ministry for middle school youth through late adolescents.
Fall 2023
SCHEDULE
Please Remember:
MSO courses have shifted to a SUNDAY start and a SATURDAY end for each week.
Applications & Course Payment due || 9/14/23
After 9/14, add a $20 fee per course
Courses Begin || 9/17/23
Courses End || 12/9/23
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes, and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and their contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 144 | OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Jerome Douglas
A study of the historical settings, literary features, authorship, theological teachings, and general content of the Hebrew Bible. This survey provides a factual and practical groundwork for further studies in the Old Testament. Special emphasis will be given to the Pentateuch and the Poetical Books.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands-on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
FSO 211 | BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW & CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
Professor | Dr. Roger Erdvig (Guests: Alisa Childers & Dr. David Young)
A worldview is a pattern of ideas, beliefs, convictions, and habits we use to make sense of God and the world around us. Establishing a biblical worldview in you and your ministry with students is crucial to the success of ministry to the emerging generations. This course will help students develop in themselves and subsequently immerse their students in the process of developing a biblical worldview as they navigate the challenges of contemporary culture.
FSO 315 | FAMILY MINISTRY LEADERSHIP
Professor | Phil & Dr. Beth Baker (Guests: Rev. Carrie Brooks and Julie Pratt, M.A.)
This course focuses on growing healthy relationships with the senior pastor, ministry staff, congregation, and community, while balancing ministry with family and personal spiritual growth. Students will learn how to develop volunteer staff, create a culture of discipleship, and plan and implement age-appropriate services, outreaches, and special events. Attention will be given to practical methods of working with multiple family types in church and community settings and partnering with parents as they disciple their children.
GSO 333 | CONTEXTUALIZING MINISTRY AND MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. Mark Hausfeld
This course is an in-depth study of the Missional Helix from a Pentecostal perspective to explore best practices in contextualizing missional strategies in various levels of ministry. Topics include The Missional Helix, holistic spiritual formation, missional formation, spiritual direction, training, and equipping disciples, and missiological contextualization.
KSO 344 | FOUNDATIONS OF KIDMIN
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course provides an overview of KidMin. Emphasis will be placed on developing children’s ministries and resources for the local church. A theology of KidMin, programming in KidMin, and other critical information will be presented.
PSO 123 | ROMANS AND PRISON EPISTLES
Professors | Dr. Dave Dippold & Dr. Ron Hall
An in-depth study of the Epistle to the Romans emphasizing its contribution to Christian theology and life. A study of the historical, geographical, and biographical matters of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, with special attention to their Christological content.
PSO 211 | THEOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY
Professor | Dr. James Bradford
This course provides a deeper knowledge of the Fundamental Truths of the Church and its doctrine. A study of Christian beliefs as expressed through evangelical and Pentecostal traditions, including a study of end-time events (Rapture, Biblical Prophesies, views of the Tribulation, Millennium, and Revelation) from a Pentecostal perspective; teaching on the second coming of Christ.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Eran Holt
A foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold (Guests presenters: Carrie Brooks, Joe Terreri, Jason Rising)
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
PSO 415 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP
Professor | Todd Marshall, MA
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity, and security, living a life of worship, leading corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece for Christian worship, Hebrew words of praise, and the importance of relational leadership.
YSO 223 | YOUTH EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
This course will examine the biblical foundations for evangelism and the presentation of the Christian Gospel message. The practical aspects of sharing faith with non-believers, seeker-sensitivity and handling objections will be discussed alongside aspects of program implementation. The nature of the course (practics) presupposes weekly involvement in a local youth ministry setting.
Summer 2023
Download in pdf format HERE.
SCHEDULE
*** Please Note: MSO courses are shifting to a SUNDAY start and a SATURDAY end for each week. We have found that Sunday responsibilities are getting in the way of finishing weekly assignments, and hope this serves our students in a more timely fashion. ***
Applications & Course Payment due || 5/22/23
After 5/22, add a $20 fee per course
Courses Begin || 5/28/23
Courses End || 8/19/23
FOUNDATIONAL COURSES:
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes, and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and their contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands-on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
TRACK-SPECIFIC COURSES:
FSO 211 | BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW & CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
Professor | Dr. Roger Erdvig (Guests: Alisa Childers & Dr. David Young)
A worldview is a pattern of ideas, beliefs, convictions, and habits we use to make sense of God and the world around us. Establishing a biblical worldview in you and your ministry with students is crucial to the success of ministry to the emerging generations. This course will help students develop in themselves and subsequently immerse their students in the process of developing a biblical worldview as they navigate the challenges of contemporary culture.
KSO 223 | KIDMIN EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course focuses on the need and practical methodology for KidMin evangelism. Topics include the history of child evangelism, traditional as well as current evangelism thrusts, age-appropriate evangelism techniques, how to lead a child to Christ, the art of the altar call, making the most of holidays, preparation of child evangelism materials, and how to organize and present evangelistic events for children.
GSO 333 | CONTEXTUALIZING MINISTRY AND MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. Mark Hausfeld
This course is an in-depth study of the Missional Helix from a Pentecostal perspective to explore best practices in contextualizing missional strategies in various levels of ministry. Topics include The Missional Helix, holistic spiritual formation, missional formation, spiritual direction, training and equipping disciples, and missiological contextualization.
PSO 123 | ROMANS AND PRISON EPISTLES
Professors | Dr. Dave Dippold & Dr. Ron Hall
An in-depth study of the Epistle to the Romans emphasizing its contribution to Christian theology and life. A study of the historical, geographical, and biographical matters of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, with special attention to their Christological content.
PSO 211 | THEOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY
Professor | Dr. James Bradford
This course provides a deeper knowledge of the Fundamental Truths of the Church and its doctrine. A study of Christian beliefs as expressed through evangelical and Pentecostal traditions, including a study of end-time events (Rapture, Biblical Prophesies, views of the Tribulation, Millennium and Revelation) from a Pentecostal perspective; teaching on the second coming of Christ.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Eran Holt
A foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold (Guests presenters: Carrie Brooks, Joe Terreri, Jason Rising)
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
ELECTIVE COURSES:
PSO 415 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP
Professor | Todd Marshall, MA
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity, and security, living a life of worship, leading corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece for Christian worship, Hebrew words of praise, and the importance of relational leadership.
YSO 223 | YOUTH EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
This course will examine the biblical foundations for evangelism and the presentation of the Christian Gospel message. The practical aspects of sharing faith with non-believers, seeker sensitivity, and handling objections will be discussed alongside aspects of program implementation. The nature of the course (practics) presupposes weekly involvement in a local youth ministry setting.
Spring 2023
Download in pdf format HERE.
SCHEDULE
Applications & Course Payment due || 1/23/23
After 1/23, add a $20 fee per course
Courses Begin || 1/30/23
Courses End || 4/23/23
COURSES
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes, and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and their contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands-on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
ESO 315 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP (Elective Course)
Professor | Todd Marshall, MA
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity, and security, living a life of worship, leading corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece for Christian worship, Hebrew words of praise, and the importance of relational leadership.
FSO 211 | BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW & CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
Professor | Dr. Roger Erdvig (Guests: Alisa Childers & Dr. David Young)
A worldview is a pattern of ideas, beliefs, convictions, and habits we use to make sense of God and the world around us. Establishing a biblical worldview in you and your ministry with students is crucial to the success of ministry to the emerging generations. This course will help students develop in themselves and subsequently immerse their students in the process of developing a biblical worldview as they navigate the challenges of contemporary culture.
GSO 315 | GLOBAL MISSIONS STRATEGIES
Professor | Dr. Steve Pennington (Guests: Greg Beggs, Scott Hanson, Dr. John Easter)
An exploration of the strategic processes necessary to engage in the Great Commission including an overview of biblical examples, historical methodologies, the creation of a mission strategy, and the review of a current case study in mission strategy.
KSO 333 | KIDMIN PRESENTATIONS
Professor | Dr. Beth Baker (Guest presenters: Kelly Presson, Jamie Walton, Robin Malcolm, Jessandra Blankenbiller)
KidMin Presentations is an overview of presentational methodology used to teach and inspire in the context of children’s ministry. Practical emphasis is placed on choosing, preparing, and presenting content and concepts to children of various ages. Includes strategies for designing, producing, and overseeing children’s productions.
KSO 344 | FOUNDATIONS OF KIDMIN
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course provides an overview of KidMin. Emphasis will be placed on developing children’s ministries and resources for the local church. A theology of KidMin, programming in KidMin, and other critical information will be presented.
PSO 123 | ROMANS AND PRISON EPISTLES
Professors | Dr. Dave Dippold & Dr. Ron Hall
An in-depth study of the Epistle to the Romans emphasizing its contribution to Christian theology and life. A study of the historical, geographical, and biographical matters of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, with special attention to their Christological content.
PSO 211 | THEOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY
Professor | Dr. James Bradford
This course provides a deeper knowledge of the Fundamental Truths of the Church and its doctrine. A study of Christian beliefs as expressed through evangelical and Pentecostal traditions, including a study of end-time events (Rapture, Biblical Prophesies, views of the Tribulation, Millennium and Revelation) from a Pentecostal perspective; teaching on the second coming of Christ.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Eran Holt
A foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold (Guests presenters: Carrie Brooks, Joe Terreri, Jason Rising)
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
YSO 333 | MINISTER OF YOUTH
Professor | Eran Holt
A focus on the development of healthy youth pastors who will run well and finish strong the race marked out for them. The spiritual, physical, emotional, and professional health of the minister of youth is addressed and developed through the disciplines of journaling, personal accountability, and servanthood.
Fall 2022
Download in pdf format HERE.
SCHEDULE
New Student Applications & Course Payment due || 9/17/22
Courses Begin || 9/19/22
Courses End || 12/11/22
COURSES
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes, and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and their contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 144 | OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
A study of the historical settings, literary features, authorship, theological teachings, and general content of the Hebrew Bible. This survey provides a factual and practical groundwork for further studies in the Old Testament.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands-on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
FSO 211 | BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW & CONTEMPORARY CULTURE
Professor | Dr. Roger Erdvig
A worldview is a pattern of ideas, beliefs, convictions, and habits we use to make sense of God and the world around us. Establishing a biblical worldview in you and your ministry with students is crucial to the success of ministry to the emerging generations. This course will help students develop in themselves and subsequently immerse their students in the process of developing a biblical worldview as they navigate the challenges of contemporary culture.
GSO 211 | BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. John Easter
This course will examine the missio Dei as revealed in both Old and New Testaments and the implications for the contemporary church. This course will employ a diachronic approach to Scripture, survey the progressive nature of revelation, and examine the concept of the missio Dei in relation to the historical development and cultural setting of God’s people. An emphasis on the course seeks to apply principles that emerge from a biblical missiology to the contemporary world context.
GSO 333 | CONTEXTUALIZING MINISTRY AND MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. Mark Hausfeld
This course is an in-depth study of the Missional Helix from a Pentecostal perspective to explore best practices in contextualizing missional strategies in various levels of ministry. Topics include The Missional Helix, holistic spiritual formation, missional formation, spiritual direction, training and equipping disciples, and missiological contextualization.
KSO 223 | KIDMIN EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course focuses on the need and practical methodology for KidMin evangelism. Topics include: the history of child evangelism, traditional as well as current evangelism thrusts, age-appropriate evangelism techniques, how to lead a child to Christ, the art of the altar call, making the most of holidays, preparation of child evangelism materials, and how to organize and present evangelistic events for children.
KSO 344 | FOUNDATIONS OF KIDMIN
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course provides an overview of KidMin. Emphasis will be placed on developing children’s ministries and resources for the local church. A theology of KidMin, programming in KidMin, and other critical information will be presented.
PSO 123 | ROMANS AND PRISON EPISTLES
Professors | Dr. Dave Dippold & Dr. Ron Hall
An in-depth study of the Epistle to the Romans emphasizing its contribution to Christian theology and life. A study of the historical, geographical, and biographical matters of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, with special attention to their Christological content.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Pastor Eran Holt
A foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including: fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
YSO 223 | YOUTH EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
This course will examine the biblical foundations for evangelism and the presentation of the Christian Gospel message. The practical aspects of sharing faith with non-believers, seeker sensitivity, and handling objections will be discussed alongside aspects of program implementation. The nature of the course (practics) presupposes weekly involvement in a local youth ministry setting.
ESO 315 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP (Elective Course)
Professor | Todd Marshall, MA
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity, and security, living a life of worship, leading corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece for Christian worship, Hebrew words of praise, and the importance of relational leadership.
Summer 2022
SCHEDULE
New Student Applications & Payment Due || 5/27/22
Courses Begin || 5/30/22
Courses End || 8/21/22
COURSES
MSO 115 | THINKING THEOLOGICALLY
Professor | Dr. Mark MacLean
An investigation of the crucial doctrines, themes, and concepts that shape Christian theology. The nature of God, human nature, the person and work of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Church will be explored and their importance for vibrant youth ministry will be emphasized.
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 144 | OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
A study of the historical settings, literary features, authorship, theological teachings, and general content of the Hebrew Bible. This survey provides a factual and practical groundwork for further studies in the Old Testament.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Daniel Day, MA
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life management. The student will learn basic business principles from a Christian perspective, including: fiscal responsibility; budgeting; principles of tithing; discernment of managerial styles; effective time management; conflict resolution strategies; real communication skills; and development of planning and implementation skills. Additionally, professional etiquette and personal ethics will be discussed.
Spring 2022
Download in pdf format HERE.
SCHEDULE
New Student Applications & Payment due || 1/28/22
Courses Begin || 1/31/22
Courses End || 4/24/22
COURSES
MSO 116 | THE SPIRIT-EMPOWERED AG CHURCH: DOCTRINE, HISTORY, MISSIONS, AND GOVERNANCE
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
This course will help the student understand the major components (movements, events, key players, institutions, problems) that shaped the Assemblies of God Church. It will summarize the basic fundamentals of AG beliefs, and explain the scriptural foundations of these fundamental truths. It will provide understanding as to the mission of AG with time spent learning and applying biblical principles to your everyday life.
MSO 122 | NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
A panoramic view of the chief events, prominent characters, main themes and salient teachings of each New Testament letter in relation to its historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. This will include examining the integrity of the New Testament and how it came together. Emphasis will be placed on why we have four Gospels and the uniqueness of each Gospel, along with the foundation they lay for the balance of the New Testament. Skills will be acquired to more accurately interpret New Testament passages, which are essential for biblical ministry.
MSO 133 | INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
Professor | Dr. David Dippold
A practical introduction to the study of the Bible. The course provides an overview of fundamental issues of interpretation, inspiration, manuscripts, and translation. Emphasis is on basic approaches to Bible study and appropriate use of biblical reference tools and its contribution to biblical studies.
MSO 312 | MINISTERIAL INTERNSHIP
Professor | Dr. Ron Hall
The MSO Ministerial Internship course is a 12-week, in-context ministry experience, including hands on opportunities for active ministry in various settings, weekly meetings with a ministry mentor, and weekly reflections on their experiences. The MSO Ministerial Internship will involve between 50-100 hours of engaging ministry opportunities in a local church context.
GSO 211 | BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF MISSIONS
Professor | Dr. John Easter
This course will examine the missio Dei as revealed in both Old and New Testaments and the implications for the contemporary church. This course will employ a diachronic approach to Scripture, survey the progressive nature of revelation, and examine the concept of the missio Dei in relation to the historical development and cultural setting of God’s people. An emphasis on the course seeks to apply principles that emerge from a biblical missiology to the contemporary world context.
KSO 344 | FOUNDATIONS OF KIDMIN
Professor | Dr. Dick Gruber
This course provides an overview of KidMin. Emphasis will be placed on development children’s ministries and resources for the local church. A theology of KidMin, programming in KidMin, and other critical information will be presented.
PSO 223 | THE ART OF PREACHING
Professor | Eran Holt
Foundational study of the principles of biblical preaching and teaching. This class is designed for students to enhance their communication skills in the area of preaching. Students will learn the Four Ingredients of Preaching, how to build a sermon, key elements of effectively reaching the unchurched, and how to use stories as a key element. Learn how transformative preaching goes beyond information and inspiration.
PSO 315 | THEOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WORSHIP
Professor | Todd Marshall
This course will examine the history of Christian worship and address topics such as the battle for our worship, our identity and security, living a life of worship, corporate worship, communion as the centerpiece of Christian worship, Hebrew words for praise, and the importance of relational leadership in worship leading.
PSO 333 | ACTS: THE HOLY SPIRIT AT WORK IN BELIEVERS' RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS, AND EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Dave Dippold
A study of the theological and practical teachings of the historical origins of the early Church. Special attention is given to the theology and work of the Holy Spirit in the evangelistic expansion of the Church, in believers’ relationships, and in the ethical issues of life.
PSO 344 | EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Professor | Professor Daniel Day
A study of basic leadership styles and strategies; this class can be applied to the church and your personal life-management. The student will learn styles of leadership and conflict management as the course investigates the lives of biblical leaders such as Moses, David, Jesus, and Paul. Interviews with outstanding current Christian leaders will also be integrated into the class each week.
YSO 223 | YOUTH EVANGELISM
Professor | Dr. Tracy Paino
This course will examine the biblical foundations for evangelism and the presentation of the Christian Gospel message. The practical aspects of sharing faith with non-believers, seeker-sensitivity and handling objections will be discussed alongside aspects of program implementation. The nature of the course (practics) presupposes weekly involvement in a local youth ministry setting.
YSO 333 | MINISTER OF YOUTH
Professor | Eran Holt
A focus on the development of healthy youth pastors who will run well and finish strong the race marked out for them. The spiritual, physical, emotional, and professional health of the minister of youth is addressed and developed through the disciplines of journaling, personal accountability, and servanthood.